In a corresponding move, Texas placed Hunter Pence on the IL with a groin strain.
Calhoun was placed on the IL after experiencing tightness in his left quad during the club's May 21 win over Seattle.
He had been scorching hot at the plate when he went down, hitting .435 with two home runs and seven RBI in six games.
In four rehab appearances with Triple-A Nashville, Calhoun was 3-11 with four RBI.
Pence, who was injured in Sunday's loss to the Cincinnati Reds, is in the midst of having a resurgence year with the Rangers. He's hitting .294 with 15 home runs and 48 RBI.